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  1. In 1965, Sir Austin Bradford Hill published nine “viewpoints” to help determine if observed epidemiologic associations are causal. Since then, the “Bradford Hill Criteria” have become the most frequently cited...

    Authors: Kristen M. Fedak, Autumn Bernal, Zachary A. Capshaw and Sherilyn Gross

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2015 12:14

    Content type: Analytic perspective

    Published on:

  2. The importance of studying associations between socio-economic position and health has often been highlighted. Previous studies have linked the prevalence and severity of lung disease with national wealth and ...

    Authors: John Townend, Cosetta Minelli, Imed Harrabi, Daniel O. Obaseki, Karima El-Rhazi, Jaymini Patel and Peter Burney

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2015 12:13

    Content type: Methodology

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  3. Specialised sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics in the Netherlands provide STI care for high-risk groups, including female sex workers (FSW), at the clinic and by outreach visiting commercial sex work...

    Authors: Maud M. A. Verscheijden, Petra J. Woestenberg, Hannelore M. Götz, Maaike G. van Veen, Femke D. H. Koedijk and Birgit H. B. van Benthem

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2015 12:12

    Content type: Research article

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  4. Statistical inference is commonly said to be inapplicable to complete population studies, such as censuses, due to the absence of sampling variability. Nevertheless, in recent years, studies of whole populatio...

    Authors: Neal Alexander

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2015 12:11

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  5. Sedentary behaviour (too much sitting, as distinct from too little exercise) has emerged as a potentially significant public health issue. Analytically, researchers have reported ‘independent’ associations bet...

    Authors: Andrew Page, Geeske Peeters and Dafna Merom

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2015 12:10

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  6. The case definition for traumatic brain injury (TBI) often includes ‘unspecified injury to the head’ diagnostic codes. However, research has shown that the inclusion of these codes leads to false positives. As...

    Authors: Vincy Chan, Robert E. Mann, Jason D. Pole and Angela Colantonio

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2015 12:9

    Content type: Research article

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  7. Disadvantages have already been pointed out on the use of odds ratio (OR) as a measure of association for designs such as cohort and cross sectional studies, for which relative risk (RR) or prevalence ratio (P...

    Authors: Vanessa Bielefeldt Leotti Torman and Suzi Alves Camey

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2015 12:8

    Content type: Methodology

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  10. RotaTeq® pentavalent human rotavirus vaccine (RV5) is effective against rotavirus illness and rotavirus-related hospitalizations and death. Effectiveness depends on adherence to the dosing schedule, which incl...

    Authors: Stephan Lanes, Scott C Quinlan, T Christopher Mast, Sander Greenland and Crystal N Holick

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2015 12:5

    Content type: Research article

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  11. Lower childhood socioeconomic position is associated with greater risk of adult obesity among women, but not men. Pregnancy-related weight changes may contribute to this gender difference. The objectives of th...

    Authors: Benjamin W Chaffee, Barbara Abrams, Alison K Cohen and David H Rehkopf

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2015 12:4

    Content type: Research article

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  12. The risk of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus spreading globally is worrying, given the annual mass gathering of the Hajj and the year-long influx of pilgrims undertaking the Umrah. Based on the inc...

    Authors: Tarek Soliman, Alex R Cook and Richard J Coker

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2015 12:3

    Content type: Commentary

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  13. Uptake of family planning services in Pakistan has remained slow over the past decade despite a rapid increase in availability and awareness, indicating that social barriers may be preventing uptake. Social ba...

    Authors: Mishal S Khan, Farah Naz Hashmani, Owais Ahmed, Minaal Khan, Sajjad Ahmed, Shershah Syed and Fahad Qazi

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2015 12:2

    Content type: Research article

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  14. There is increasing evidence that childhood vaccines have effects that extend beyond their target disease. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of routine childhood vaccines on bacterial carri...

    Authors: Christian Bottomley, Abdoulie Bojang, Peter G Smith, Ousainou Darboe, Martin Antonio, Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko, Beate Kampmann, Brian Greenwood, Umberto D’Alessandro and Anna Roca

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2015 12:1

    Content type: Research article

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  15. Aging societies worldwide propose a significant challenge to the model and organisation of the delivery of healthcare services. In developing countries, communicable and non-communicable diseases are affecting...

    Authors: Cesar Henriquez-Camacho, Juan Losa, J Jaime Miranda and Natalie E Cheyne

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:136

    Content type: Review

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  16. Tuberculosis is a major disease worldwide and most research focus on risk factors for adults, although there is a marked adolescent peak in incidence. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors f...

    Authors: Hilary Stevens, Ricardo AA Ximenes, Odimariles MS Dantas and Laura C Rodrigues

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:20

    Content type: Research article

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  17. Though it has been a focus of the country’s public health surveillance systems since the 1950s, schistosomiasis represents an ongoing public health challenge in China. Parallel, schistosomiasis-specific survei...

    Authors: Song Liang, Changhong Yang, Bo Zhong, Jiagang Guo, Huazhong Li, Elizabeth J Carlton, Matthew C Freeman and Justin V Remais

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:19

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  19. In the literature, different shapes of associations have been found between body mass index (BMI) and mortality and some of the findings were opposite to each other. The association of BMI and mortality in a s...

    Authors: Jianghua He, Qing Yu, Huiquan Zhang and Jonathan D Mahnken

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:17

    Content type: Research article

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  20. In May 2014, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, with closely related viral genomes, was diagnosed in two Dutch residents, returning from a pilgrimage to Medina and Mecca, Kingdo...

    Authors: Ewout B Fanoy, Marianne AB van der Sande, Marleen Kraaij-Dirkzwager, Kees Dirksen, Marcel Jonges, Wim van der Hoek, Marion PG Koopmans, Douwe van der Werf, Gerard Sonder, Charlie van der Weijden, Jet van der Heuvel, Luc Gelinck, Jolande W Bouwhuis and Arianne B van Gageldonk-Lafeber

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:16

    Content type: Research article

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  22. Oseltamivir has been registered for use as post-exposition prophylaxis (PEP) following exposure to influenza, based on studies among healthy adults. Effectiveness among frail elderly nursing home populations s...

    Authors: Marianne AB van der Sande, Adam Meijer, Fatmagül Şen-Kerpiclik, Remko Enserink, Herman JM Cools, Piet Overduin, José M Ferreira and Marie-José Veldman-Ariessen

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:13

    Content type: Research article

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  23. Men having sex with men (MSM) remain the largest high-risk group involved in on-going transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STI), including HIV, in the Netherlands. As risk behaviour may change with...

    Authors: Femke DH Koedijk, Birgit HB van Benthem, Eliane MDC Vrolings, Wim Zuilhof and Marianne AB van der Sande

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:12

    Content type: Research article

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  24. In many areas of clinical investigation there is great interest in identifying and validating surrogate endpoints, biomarkers that can be measured a relatively short time after a treatment has been administere...

    Authors: Julian Wolfson and Lisa Henn

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:14

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  25. Measures of household socio-economic position (SEP) are widely used in health research. There exist a number of approaches to their measurement, with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) applied to a basket of ...

    Authors: Daniel D Reidpath and Keivan Ahmadi

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:9

    Content type: Research article

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  26. Epidemiology and ecology share many fundamental research questions. Here we describe how principal coordinates of neighbor matrices (PCNM), a method from spatial ecology, can be applied to spatial epidemiology...

    Authors: Ari Voutilainen, Anna-Maija Tolppanen, Katri Vehviläinen-Julkunen and Paula R Sherwood

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:11

    Content type: Methodology

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  27. Population-based, prospective longitudinal cohort studies are considering the issues surrounding returning findings to individuals as a result of genomic and other medical research studies. While guidance is b...

    Authors: Susan E Wallace, Neil M Walker and Jane Elliott

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:10

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  29. The 21st century has seen the rise of Internet-based participatory surveillance systems for infectious diseases. These systems capture voluntarily submitted symptom data from the general public and can aggregate ...

    Authors: Oktawia P Wójcik, John S Brownstein, Rumi Chunara and Michael A Johansson

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:7

    Content type: Review

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  30. The asset index is often used as a measure of socioeconomic status in empirical research as an explanatory variable or to control confounding. Principal component analysis (PCA) is frequently used to create th...

    Authors: MA Yushuf Sharker, Mohammed Nasser, Jaynal Abedin, Benjamin F Arnold and Stephen P Luby

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:6

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  32. It is widely accepted that influenza transmission dynamics vary by age; however methods to quantify the reproductive number by age group are limited. We introduce a simple method to estimate the reproductive n...

    Authors: Laura F White, Brett Archer and Marcello Pagano

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:4

    Content type: Methodology

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  33. Maternal morbidity is more common than maternal death, and population-based estimates of the burden of maternal morbidity could provide important indicators for monitoring trends, priority setting and evaluati...

    Authors: Edward Fottrell, Ulf Högberg, Carine Ronsmans, David Osrin, Kishwar Azad, Nirmala Nair, Nicolas Meda, Rasmane Ganaba, Sourou Goufodji, Peter Byass and Veronique Filippi

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:3

    Content type: Research article

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  34. Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) surveys have become increasingly popular in global health care applications. Incorporating Bayesian ideas into LQAS survey design, such as using reasonable prior beliefs a...

    Authors: Lauren Hund

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2014 11:2

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  36. Relative risk is a summary metric that is commonly used in epidemiological investigations. Increasingly, epidemiologists are using log-binomial models to study the impact of a set of predictor variables on a s...

    Authors: Tyler Williamson, Misha Eliasziw and Gordon Hilton Fick

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2013 10:14

    Content type: Methodology

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  37. Effective interventions require evidence on how individual causal pathways jointly determine disease. Based on the concept of systems epidemiology, this paper develops Diagram-based Analysis of Causal Systems ...

    Authors: Eva A Rehfuess, Nicky Best, David J Briggs and Mike Joffe

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2013 10:13

    Content type: Methodology

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  38. Individual-level data pooling of large population-based studies across research centres in international research projects faces many hurdles. The BioSHaRE (Biobank Standardisation and Harmonisation for Resear...

    Authors: Dany Doiron, Paul Burton, Yannick Marcon, Amadou Gaye, Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel, Markus Perola, Ronald P Stolk, Luisa Foco, Cosetta Minelli, Melanie Waldenberger, Rolf Holle, Kirsti Kvaløy, Hans L Hillege, Anne-Marie Tassé, Vincent Ferretti and Isabel Fortier

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2013 10:12

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  39. Traditional Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) designs assume observations are collected using simple random sampling. Alternatively, randomly sampling clusters of observations and then individuals within c...

    Authors: Bethany L Hedt-Gauthier, Tisha Mitsunaga, Lauren Hund, Casey Olives and Marcello Pagano

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2013 10:11

    Content type: Methodology

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  40. An unprecedented number of nationwide tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys will be implemented between 2010 and 2015, to better estimate the burden of disease caused by TB and assess whether global targets for...

    Authors: Sian Floyd, Charalambos Sismanidis, Norio Yamada, Rhian Daniel, Jaime Lagahid, Fulvia Mecatti, Rosalind Vianzon, Emily Bloss, Edine Tiemersma, Ikushi Onozaki, Philippe Glaziou and Katherine Floyd

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2013 10:10

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  41. Undernutrition modeling makes it possible to evaluate the potential impact of such events as a food-price shock or harvest failure on the prevalence and severity of undernutrition. There are, however, uncertai...

    Authors: Noah Scovronick, Zaid Chalabi and Paul Wilkinson

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2013 10:9

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  43. Missing data often cause problems in longitudinal cohort studies with repeated follow-up waves. Research in this area has focussed on analyses with missing data in repeated measures of the outcome, from which ...

    Authors: Amalia Karahalios, Laura Baglietto, Katherine J Lee, Dallas R English, John B Carlin and Julie A Simpson

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2013 10:6

    Content type: Research article

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  44. Systems for animal disease mitigation involve both surveillance activities and interventions to control the disease. They are complex organizations that are described by partial or imprecise data, making it di...

    Authors: Lucie Collineau, Raphaël Duboz, Mathilde Paul, Marisa Peyre, Flavie Goutard, Sinel Holl and François Roger

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2013 10:7

    Content type: Methodology

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  45. There is increasing epidemiological evidence of etiological links between general surgery and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) with long incubation periods. The purpose of this study was to identify s...

    Authors: Mabel Cruz, Ignacio Mahillo-Fernandez, Alberto Rábano, Åke Siden, Miguel Calero, Henning Laursen, Kåre Mølbak, Javier Almazán and Jesus de Pedro-Cuesta

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2013 10:5

    Content type: Methodology

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  47. The volume of influenza pandemic modelling studies has increased dramatically in the last decade. Many models incorporate now sophisticated parameterization and validation techniques, economic analyses and the...

    Authors: Luis R Carrasco, Mark Jit, Mark I Chen, Vernon J Lee, George J Milne and Alex R Cook

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2013 10:3

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  48. Many HIV prevalence surveys are plagued by the problem that a sizeable number of surveyed individuals do not consent to contribute blood samples for testing. One can ignore this problem, as is often done, but ...

    Authors: Lauren Hund and Marcello Pagano

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2013 10:2

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  50. Epidemiological methods for estimating disease prevalence in humans and other animals in the absence of a gold standard diagnostic test are well established. Despite this, reporting apparent prevalence is stil...

    Authors: Fraser I Lewis and Paul R Torgerson

    Citation: Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 2012 9:9

    Content type: Analytic perspective

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  • ISSN: 1742-7622 (electronic)

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Emerging Themes in Epidemiology

ISSN: 1742-7622